Zara Inc Success Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Zara Inc Success - Research Paper Example As the paper features the Fashion Retail world has developed in front of others with organizations battling for share in the market and the buyers requesting the following extraordinary assortment like clockwork. The internationalization has improved the business part of these Fashion Titans who battle to turn out new plans and patterns each season with the expectation of getting saw in a horde of thousands. The new worldwide financial condition has given Zara a chance to improve its present image discernment and become the exceptional brand for European buyers. This can be accomplished by making a very good quality line for Zara. This would not just increment the potential objective market for Zara yet additionally permit Zara to charge premium costs. This investigation announces that in 1963-74 Amancio Ortega Gaona, executive and author of Inditex2, starts his business exercises in the material assembling area. The business develops consistently during the time to incorporate a few assembling habitats circulating items to different European nations. The first ZARA shop opened its entryways in 1975 out of A Coruã ±a (Spain), the city that saw the Groups early beginnings and which is presently home to its focal workplaces. Its stores would now be able to be found in the most significant shopping regions of in excess of 400 urban communities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa which is in fact a wonderful accomplishment. Fascinating as it might appear, its first store included low-evaluated carbon copy results of well known, better quality apparel designs. This was obviously a moment accomplishment as it empowered the individuals to have duplicates of the more extravagant garments at a sensible cost thus Mr. Ortega opened more stores all over Spain. â€Å"ZARA was a design imitator. ZARA’s methodology of low volume per style and changing items rapidly in its stores encourages it to down on the limits too. Of its 12,000 particular things yearly, just about 18% of its attire doesn't work with clients and must be discounted.â

The tool for market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The device for statistical surveying - Essay Example Test promoting gives noteworthy knowledge which is required by an organization so as to contend viably in its market. For one, this device allows a business association to test the effect of elective showcasing plans. Since a test advertise is normally littler than the entire market, putting resources into a test promoting exertion in 10 urban areas is more reasonable for a huge organization than getting into an all out across the nation item dispatch. Test showcasing as the name suggests furnishes organizations with an away from of whether a promoting exertion is vital or not without bearing the enormous expense of the entire advertising effort in the whole market. Test promoting additionally permits organizations to test different systems without influencing the general picture of its items. For instance, an organization which wishes to set out on another promoting approach and is picking on three distinct ones will think that its difficult to dispatch the three systems on the whol e market. In this manner, it will pick to utilize test advertising so as to find out the best methodology for its item at lesser expense. Notwithstanding, the usage of test showcasing as a statistical surveying instrument is reliant on the interior competency and outside market circumstance of a company.â According to one of its officials, â€Å"In our fieldâ€primarily more costly beauty care products not designed for mass distributionâ€it would be pointless for us to test the market. At the point when we build up an item, state an improved fluid cosmetics, we know it’s full-Brownell in light of the fact that we know about the field†.

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Franklin Allen, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Franklin Allen, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand, but the educational experience itself is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile Franklin Allen from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin Allen (“Corporate Finance”) has been an institution at Wharton since 1980. Almost every student in the program takes his “Corporate Finance” class, and even incoming investment bankers who could easily place out choose to take the semester-long course. According to one former student, Allen, with his dry sense of humor and use of creative examples, has the unique ability to make corporate finance easy to understand and fun to learn. Although students have access to his course notes before every class, attendance at his lectures does not suffer. As such, the list of teaching awards he has won at Wharton is seemingly endless. Moreover, Allen makes a point of having lunchâ€"his treatâ€"with every student who takes his class (in groups of approximately four to seven students at a time). For more information about Wharton and 13 other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Organic Compounds Lab Report Essay - 703 Words

Identifying Organic Compounds Joe Harris 11/12/07 1. Background Organic compounds are, by definition, any chemical compound containing carbon. These compounds include carbohydrates, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each one of these compounds has a different purpose. Carbohydrates give energy to cells when consumed. Lipids are basically the fats of a cell. Proteins are the building blocks of muscle in a cell. Nucleic acids are used to transfer genetic information from one cell to the other. The purpose of this lab is to simply determine the absence or presence of the main†¦show more content†¦7.When water bath is ready, put each test tube into the water bath. Wait 5 minutes. 8.After 5 minutes, remove test tubes from the water bath set in test tube holder and record results. Also turn off hot plate. 9.Clean both test tubes thoroughly. 10. Repeat steps 2 and 3. 11.Add 10 drops of Lugols solution to each test tube. 12.Swirl to mix. 13.Record data. 14.Clean both test tubes thoroughly. 15.Repeat steps 2 and 3. 16.Add 10 drops of Biuret solution to each test tube. 17.Swirl to mix. 18.Wait 1-2 minutes. 19.Record data. 3. Data and Results A. Data Tables Benedicts Test Test Tube Original Color Final Color Tube Contains + or - A Light Blue Orange Sugar + B Light Blue Light Blue Still Unknown - Lugols Test Test Tube Original Color Final Color Tube Contains + or - A Clear Yellow Still Unknown - B Clear Dark Purple Starch + Biuret Test Test Tube Original Color Final Color Tube Contains + or - A Clear Light Purple Protein + B Clear Clear Clear - 4. Conclusion During the Benedicts test, the contents of tube B did not change, indicating the absence of sugar in that particular substance. However, the contents of tube A did change orange indicating the presence of sugar in that substance. During the Lugols test, the content of tube A did not change dark purple indicating the absence of starch in that substance However, the content of tube B changed to dark purpleShow MoreRelatedIdentifying Organic Compounds Lab Report Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesPurpose: To use indicators to test for the presence of organic compounds in certain substances. Hypothesis: Honey will contain sugars, egg white contains proteins, corn oil contains lipids, oats contains starches and proteins, gelatin contains sugars and proteins, potatoes contain starch, and apple juice contains lipids and sugars. Materials: 9 test tubes Test tube rack Test tube holder Grease pencil Hot plate 20 ml honey solution 20 ml egg white and water mixture 20Read MoreLab Report: Separation and Purification of Organic Compounds: Crystallization769 Words   |  4 Pagesand Sciences Experiment #3 SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: CRYSTALLIZATION Gomez, Paola Anne M. DOP: 2 July 2013 Student no. : 4120403 DOS: 9 July 2013 Group: Carcinogenic Remarks: _____________________________________________________________________ Engr. C. D. Sanchez Instructor THEORETICAL DISCUSSION Crystallization is a technique which chemists use to purify solid compounds. It is one of the fundamental procedures each chemist must masterRead MoreOrganic Chem Essay example934 Words   |  4 PagesOrganic Lab I No. 5-6 Separation of a Carboxylic Acid, a Phenol, and a Neutral Substance (Two-week lab) Reading Assignment 1) Chapter 7 †¢ Introduction: P. 135- first paragraph †¢ Theory and Techniques (p142-145) o Properties of Extraction Solvents o Mixing and Separating the Layers o Drying Agents o Part 1: The Technique of Neutral Liquid/Liquid Extraction The description is for dichloromethane-aqueousRead MoreEssay about Extraction of Eugenol from Cloves Oil994 Words   |  4 Pagesliquid-liquid extraction. Finally, you will isolate the acetyleugenol by using a rotovap for reduced pressure distillation, which will remove the organic solvent (dichloromethane). Background Whole cloves contain between 14% and 20% by weight of essential oils, but only half of that can be isolated as acetyleugenol. Clove oil contains two basic compounds: eugenol and acetyleugenol. As a result of Dalton’s Law and Raoult’s Law, both of these substances can be removed from the cloves withRead MoreChemistry Experiment : Oxidation Of Borneol1607 Words   |  7 Pages Experiment 3: Oxidation of Borneol to Camphor By: Evan Holley Lab partner: Jeffrey Horton T.A.: Garret CHM2211L-008 07/12/2015 Introduction The overall goal in this lab was to oxidize borneol, a secondary alcohol, into camphor, which is a ketone. For the purposes of oxidation chromic acid was utilized, which was prepared by adding a 1:1 ratio of chromium trioxide to dilute sulfuric acid. The oxidation reaction occurs as a two-step reaction. The first step involves the formationRead MoreSolubility Postlab Report819 Words   |  4 Pages POST-LAB REPORT FOR THE SOLUBILITY EXPERIMENT I) Conclusion: Write the conclusions regarding your observations and results obtained from each part 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, separately. Separately describe and explain in your conclusions whether the experimental observations and results obtained from that part enabled you to confirm the solubility behavior of various compounds based upon what you had predicted and hypothesized before performingRead MoreIsolation And Identification Of Essential Oils1321 Words   |  6 PagesIsolation and Identification of Essential Oils Lab Report Name: Lauryn Tonou Partner’s name: Tiffany Keener Date submitted: 11/02/2015 Introduction Essential oils are the concentrated extracts of volatile, non-water-soluble aroma compounds from plants. They are widely used in cleaning products, cosmetic products, and perfumes, also as flavorings in foods. Essential oils are actually mixtures of organic compounds sample. However, the purpose of the lab will be to isolate and identify essentialRead MoreTexas City Boat Trip : Case Study1022 Words   |  5 Pagesindependent refiner that purchases a variety of oils such as crude oil and sour and residual oil (2). The complex refining and distillation processes for Valero can be compared to the experiments performed in an Organic chemistry lab. From what the company’s procedures are to what the Lab procedures are, a similarity can be seen just on a larger scale. Figure 1 outlines the size of the Valero refinery. (6) Figure 1: Valero Texas City Refinery. DISSCUSSION The Refining Process. Refining beginsRead MoreLab Report On Chromatography And Lab1206 Words   |  5 PagesSpinach Group Experiment 3 – Individual Lab Report (Save as pdf and submit, due by 12:00 NOON one week after experiment) Last Name: Wang First Name: Zoey Lab Partner(s): Sue Wang TA Name: Sosthene Date Lab Performed: Nov. 12, 2015 Date Lab Submitted: Nov. 12, 2015 Group A, B, or C: B Comments for Grading TA: (Please indicate if you performed the lab on a day other than your regularly scheduled day and/or with a TA other than your regular TA). Page Limit: report must not exceed FIVE pages (includingRead MoreSynthesis of Acetaminophen Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis of Acetaminophen Lab Report Bijal Patel, 20467049 Partner: Poojan Parikh T.A.’s: Long Pu CHEM 123L, Section: 006, Rm: ESC 149 Tuesday February 4, 2013, 2:30pm-5:20pm Experiment Done: Tuesday January 22, 2013 Introduction Acetaminophen was first introduced in 1955 (Richman, 2004). It is an over-the-counter drug that relieves pain and reduced fevers. Acetaminophen is considered an alternate to aspirin since it does not irritate the stomach (Richman, 2004). It also has very

Cultural Comparison Paper - 830 Words

Cultural Comparison Paper There are many cultural differences between the United States and France. Some of these are simply social and others are cultural. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions can be used to highlight the differences between the cultures. Individualism vs collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, power distance, and long-term vs short-term orientation are all characteristics that differ between France and the United States. In Communications Between Cultures individualism and collectivism are described by researchers as â€Å"self-orientation versus collective orientation as one of the basic pattern variables that determine human action.† These differences can be found in family life, school, and workplace†¦show more content†¦The cultures prefer as few rules as possible. Typically, people in these cultures don’t easily express their emotions. Hofstede uses the words masculinity and femininity to refer to the degree to w hich masculine or feminine traits are valued or revealed (Samovar, Porter and McDaniel). The United States rates as a moderately masculine. Countries that favor masculinity stress equity, competition, and performance(Yates). They also strive for material success and expected to respect whatever is big, strong, and fast. France values femininity and stress equality, solidarity, and quality of work life (Yates). A feminine worldview maintains that men can assume nurturing roles while promoting sexual equality. One major difference in masculine/feminine cultures is the role of the woman in the workplace and at home. Feminine societies expect women to work and often provide the necessary social support systems. Although the United States is more masculine than France both countries treat females as equals. Power distance describes the distance between power and the members of a particular culture. France has a higher power distance than the United States. Gudykunst describes co untries with a high power distance as, â€Å"Individuals who accept power as part of society. As such superiors consider their subordinates to be different from themselves and viceShow MoreRelatedSpan 110 Complete Course Span110 Complete Course695 Words   |  3 Pagescom/q/span-110-complete-course-span110-complete-course/13563 SPAN 110 WEEK 2 TEAM ASSIGNMENT CULTURAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE ARTS PAPER Select  two countries where Spanish is the predominant language to serve as the basis for the Learning Team assignments in this course. Obtain faculty approval for your selections. Research  the cultural customs, such as dance, music, theater, and the visual arts for each of your selected countries. Write  a 700- to 1,050-word paper on the cultural customs in your selected countries. Include theRead MoreHum 111 Confucius and Aristotle Paper814 Words   |  4 PagesHUM 111 CONFUCIUS AND ARISTOTLE PAPER Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/hum-111-confucius-and-aristotle-paper/ Choose one (1) of the topics from the list of topic choices below. Read the topic carefully. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper (750-1,000 words) that follows instructions and covers each part of the topic. (The title page and References list do not get included in this word count). For the topic you choose: 1. Establish a clear thesis about your topicRead Moree-Book to Enhance Pharmaceutical Learning836 Words   |  3 PagesIdentify students weakness - Concepts†(Pg 12), the bar chart that compared all the questions has showed a decreased number of â€Å"Strongly Agree + Agree† and an increased number of â€Å"Strongly Disagree + Disagree† in question 3, question 5 and question 9 in comparison to other questions. These results from section 1 showed students expressed least understanding in the following areas : Q3, The concept of volume of distribution (VD) Q5, How the concepts of clearance, half-life and rate constants, volume and areaRead MoreIs English Native Speakers Use A Greater Number Of Singular Self Mention?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesforms. This confirms the previous findings that primarily plural self-mention is employed in academic writing in Slavic languages (Vassileva, 1998), and that academic texts in English by native speakers show the greatest use of singular forms in comparison to other languages (Flottum, 2005; Molino, 2010; Vassileva, 1998; Wu Zhu, 2014; Yakhontova, 2002; 2006). It can be assumed that, in American academic culture, scholars tend to establish their presence in the articles and show that research hasRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper1713 Words   |  7 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis across Theories Paper NUR 513 August 6, 2012 Comparison and Analysis Theories Paper The heart of nursing has always been caring. Since the start of professional nursing with Florence Nightingale, theorists have been writing about caring. This paper highlights three caring theories Madeleine Leininger, Jean Watson, and the combine theory of Patricia Benner and Judith Wrubel these theorists each has developed a theory of caring. 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To begin these types of psychology will be defined and the so the differences and similarities betweenRead MoreCultural Differences1094 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Differences In every culture, people work diligently to find a common ground for acceptance and tolerance. Typically, people are accepting of various social criteria that are oftentimes associated with a specific ethnicity. However, many individuals simply tolerate the beliefs, standards, values, and behaviors of other individuals in society while inwardly opposed to the model of the displayed behaviors of other individuals as it relates to another individuals beliefs, value systems, andRead MoreA Comparative Study of Family Values Between China and America960 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent countries. In order to get the better understanding of different family cultures between China and Americaï ¼Å' it is necessary to make a comparison between Chinese and American family values. This paper tries to grope for cultural origins behind those external different family values between China and US. Firstlyï ¼Å' this paper makes the comparison between Chinese family value and American family value. Secondlyï ¼Å' it illustrates the differences of family values from family structureï ¼Å' familyRead MoreAn Individual’S Sexual Curiosity In And Enticement To Other1095 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment. Sexuality among human impacts and it is influenced by, cultural, political, and theoretical aspects of life. It may also intermingle with matters of ethics, morality, religion and theology (Laumann et al., 2006). Culture play a major role in altering how sexuality and sexual activities are construed. Human sexuality is a portion of human social life and it governs through producing behavior guidelines. Social and cultural factors such as religion, politics and mass media generate social

Essay on Marketing of the Sport Celebrity - 2080 Words

The business of sports marketing has become both lucrative and influential in shaping sport in general and the individual athletes. The desire for endorsement offers and profitable media coverage has become a crucial facet of modern sport. With a selection of athletes making millions of dollars a year, outside of their sporting arena, it is obvious to see the impact of marketing and advertising on sport. In this essay I will examine the ways in which marketing effects the athletes and sport in general. Also, I will identify the characteristics of a marketable sporting celebrity and further look into African American athletes specifically and the way the African American community is marketed. Sport has not always been covered in†¦show more content†¦In the 1970s there was a greater power to shape perceptions about these athletes. With this new desire for exciting sports figures, the new task became finding marketable and lucrative athletes that stood out from the masses. Star potential is crucial when marketing an athlete to be a celebrity. The athlete must have a unique personality, something bold and different that makes them shine from the rest. There are different facets of marketable celebrities such as the strong fierce athlete, the hero, and the controversial player. Examples of controversial athletes are Mike Tyson, Charles Barkley, Dennis Rodman and Alex Higgins. The hero athlete is someone like Tiger Woods or Michael Jordan. And lastly the strong and fierce competitor like Allen Iverson or Muhammad Ali, are all marketable athletes who have become household names. What makes a popular athlete so exciting is that because athletes are usually so quiet; the ones that do speak are listened to. Due to the popularity of these stars, their pay checks back up the idea of sport as big business. George Steinbrenner of the New York Yankees says that the players salaries depend on how many fannies he puts in the seats (Quirk 216). In understandi ng this, it greatly highlights the importance of marketing to modern sport and way athletes are paid. For example, New York Yankee Derek Jeter would have beenShow MoreRelatedGatorade Branding Strategy1569 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Background Gatorade has emerged as the global leader in sports nutrition beverages by continually managing their brand to signify high energy, athletic excellence combine with one of the most efficient new product development and introduced processes in the beverage industry. As a result of being able to consistently synchronize these many components of their business so well, Gatorade today holds a 75% market share in the sports nutrition market globally today. Gatorade is owned by PepsiCoRead MoreThe Branding Strategy of Gatorade: An Analysis1449 Words   |  6 Pagesimages that symbolize exceptional athletic performance, high energy, and prowess in sports and in life will succeed. This is especially the case when the branding strategy is strongly supported by an exceptionally effective research and development (RD) strategy, in addition to having exceptional control over quality, distribution and the entire customer experiences. Gatorade today holds over 75% of the total sports nutrition ma rket globally as a result of their ability to orchestrate these diverseRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Gatorade1298 Words   |  6 Pagesshould have a marketing strategies to grab the attention of the viewers and hopefully lure them to try or buy the product. Yesterday, I read an advertisement for Gatorade and I said to myself, no wonder why Gatorade has been at the top of their competition for a long time now. The secret is they know how to advertise! The flavor of their drinks has been the same for over a decades now. But like a weather Gatorade is year-round they never get out of style, as long as there is a sport to play GatoradeRead More Celebrity Puppets Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesCelebrity Puppets The concept of using sports stars to market non-sport items has soared to new heights. Every corporation in the world is trying to get the edge over their competitors. The classic example is that of the â€Å"Cola Wars.† During the 1980s, Pepsi and Coca Cola began an advertising slugfest, in which Pepsi emerged victorious by using Madonna and Michael Jackson as puppets in their commercials. These two companies, as well as thousands of others, have taken advantage of exposing celebritiesRead MoreThe Mass Media Has Become Apart Of Culture1068 Words   |  5 Pagesto avoid. A prime example, The Time Inc. hit publication Sports Illustrated is an American sports media magazine for the everyday sports fan. Read by millions, this magazine is the leading sports publication in the North America. This magazine is very well kenned for its glossy sleek pages of athletes and celebrities to advertisements unrelated to sports. Driven to maximize profits, publishers utilize articles and stor ies as a way of marketing. By investigating critical perspectives such as MarxismRead MoreNike Strategy1302 Words   |  6 Pagessupplier of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. We will see how this company managed to expand internationally and control the sportswear arena completely by utilizing marketing strategy centering around brand image which is attained by distinctive logo and the advertising slogan: Just Do It and the company promotes its product by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams. However, Nike s marketing mix contains many elements besides promotionsRead MoreNike vs. Reebok1362 Words   |  6 Pageshad made a very basic strategy work; make the products that fit their consumers needs. Examples of great decision making are: • Diversifying products (into sports wears and others) was a smart move that had contributed to the current and growing success of Nike. • Nikes managements bet on celebrities marketing. These athlete celebrities including Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods had introduced and placed Nike and its swoosh logo into peoples mind worldwide. • Strategy planning on relationshipRead MoreNike vs. Reebok1378 Words   |  6 Pageshad made a very basic strategy work; make the products that fit their consumers needs. Examples of great decision making are: • Diversifying products (into sports wears and others) was a smart move that had contributed to the current and growing success of Nike. • Nikes managements bet on celebrities marketing. These athlete celebrities including Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods had introduced and placed Nike and its swoosh logo into peoples mind worldwide. • Strategy planning on relationshipRead MoreNike Case Study1112 Words   |  5 Pagesthe pyramid were the Ultimate/Performance Athletes. These included big names in the fields of running sports. They are the people who join sports to be athletes. The second in line are those people who are not necessarily athletes, however, the activities they carry out are athletic in nature. Lastly, the third tier of the pyramid included those people who are influenced by the culture of sport. Nike decided to target these segments using what they call the Pyramid of influence. They believed thatRead MoreReebok Swot Analysis1314 Words   |  6 PagesSWOT Analysis Reebok experienced a period of strong growth and success in the 80 s and 90 s, though new developments in the sports market are challenging Reebok and are changing its competitive situation. The following analysis gives an overview of were Reebok is standing at the moment and what their challenges for the future are. On the basis of this analysis Reebok can set out their strategy for the future and anticipate on the opportunities and threats they are facing. Strengths Size

How Precedents Are Applied in Court and the Rules of Statutory Interpretation free essay sample

Aims and Outcomes I will describe how precedents are applied in court and explain the rules of statutory interpretation. Firstly I will explain what a precedent is. Precedent â€Å"In common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a legal case establishing a principle or rule that a court or other judicial body utilizes when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts† Example Lets say that a Court establishes that it is illegal for people to smoke or be in possession of Tobacco. The Court has clearly explained, in its decision, why it is illegal according to law to smoke Tobacco. This is Case A. Now, someone is arrested for smoking Tobacco, and is tried in Court for breach of this new law. The Judges in this case, in order to explain why they are holding the person guilty, will refer to Case A, which put down the principles concerning this offence. Case A thus becomes a precedent. A precedent is usually a decision which is so important and so well explained that it clears the fog surrounding certain issues and, in so doing, guides Courts in the future, whenever any dispute arises concerning those issues. Example 2 A court decision that becomes a rule used to makefuture decisions. For example:The government passes a law saying that ugly shirts may no longer be worn, but doesnt specify what ugly means. You wear a lime green shirt and are arrested and found guilty. You appeal the decision. A court decides to write some rules regarding what qualifies as ugly, so that the lower courts and law enforcement have a better idea what is legal. This decision, if applied broadly to the issue, becomes a judicial precedent thatother courts are meant to follow. It is different from a law because the same court or a higher  could decide to change it, setting a new precedent. How precedents are applied in court If a Judge in a magistrate’s court makes up a new law, it can be discarded by a judge from a higher up court, but not vice versa. Also if a judge comes across a case where there may be a relevant previous decision made by either the court they are currently in or another one in the hierarchy they have four possible courses of actions: Follow- If the facts are similar in the case then the judge will chose to follow the precedent in place. Distinguish- If the facts are different then the judge can distinguish between the two cases and doesnt need to follow the original precedent. Overrule If the original precedent was set in a lower court the judge may overrule it if they disagree with it. (As I stated earlier). Reverse- If the decision made by a lower court is appealed to a higher one the higher court may reverse the decision if they think the lower court has misinterpreted the law. Example of a precedent been applied in court. â€Å"A husband had sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent. The married couple had separated, but the husband forced his way into his wifes home and forced her to have intercourse with him. Up until this time the common law rule was that a husband could not be criminally liable for raping his wife, as the womans marriage vows constituted ongoing consent for sexual relations. The judge in R v R 1991 recognised the changed attitudes of society towards the status of women and created judicial precedent which outlined that all non-consensual intercourse was rape, regardless of marital status† Basically before this case it was not illegal for a husband to rape his wife because it was in their marriage vows. So the judge made it law that it is illegal for a husband to rape his wife. Thus preventing husbands in future cases, standing up and saying their not doing anything illegal. Statute law Statute law is law that has been formally written down and recorded in an Act of Parliament. It has three parts, each if which has a role to play in making the law. Statute law differs from common law in the Following ways: It was created by Parliament, not by judges. It is not bound by judicial precedent. It can abolish and replace common law. It is formally recorded in an Act of law. Basically it’s a law made by parliament. Rules of statutory interpretation. The literal rule â€Å"According to this rule the workings of the Act must be interpreted according to its literal and grammatical meaning. † For example in Fisher v Bell (1961) The defendant, a shopkeeper, was prosecuted for displaying an illegal flick-knife for sale. Because it is an offense to offer such an item for sale (Restriction Of Offensive Weapons Act 1951) he was convicted. On appeal, however, it was held that â€Å"offer for sale† has a technical meaning in law, and a shop window display is an Invitation to Treat, not an Offer in contractual terms. The conviction was therefore quashed. The golden rule- â€Å"The golden rule of statutory interpretation  may be applied where  an application of the  literal rule would lead to an absurdity. † For Example in the case of Sigsworth (1935) The court decided that a man who had murdered his mother was not entitled to inherit her estate even though the Administration of Estates Act 1925 said that where a will had not been made the persons estate should go to the next of kin. In this case the next of kin was the persons murderer and this would have been a ridiculous result. The mischief rule The mischief rule of statutory interpretation is the oldest of the rules. The mischief rule  was established in  Heydon (1584) In this rule the courts try to discover what mischief the Act of Parliament was trying to remedy and then interpret the words accordingly. An example of this is Smith v Hughes (1960). A prostitute claimed that she was not soliciting for business even though she was attracting the attention of male passers-by, tapping on the window of a house. The Street Offences Act (1959) made it a criminal offence to solicit for business in a public place or a street. The prostitute argued that since she was not in a public place she was not guilty of an offence. The court found that the mischief that Act had been created to remedy was to try to stop people being solicited in the street and since she was attracting the attention of people in the street she was guilty of an offence. Advantages of these rules. Closes loopholes and allows the law to develop and adapt to changing needs, Recognises Parliament as the supreme law maker. Disadvantages of these rules. Judges can bring their own views, sense of morality and  prejudices to a case. Can be difficult to interpret. .

Transformational acting Essay Example For Students

Transformational acting Essay Transformational acting is a another technique our group choose to utilize as it shows the characters current feelings and raw selves in order to transform who they are and their emotional ranges into that of the characters they portray. In doing so, they function, take action and live the reality and lifestyle of these characters, without having to use the past or imagining the future. Amir, as narrator moves in and out time and instigates the time changes and actor transformations. An example of this is in scene two; Amir begins to tell the story of how he and his family came to be in Australia and in doing so creates the shift in time and enterers/ becomes the character he is telling the story about. He starts the scene off by making the audience believe he is about to narrate the story when all sudden he starts grabbing characters, Stephanie becomes Penny Boulton and Brendan becomes James Boulton and the story goes on to take a and intriguing turn. This is an effective technique as it really engages the audience by keeping them intrigued in the play as it draws them into the story and is an interesting way of acting out the story rather then just narrating it. This was an important technique we choose to utilize as it was throughout the play as a means of telling the story. We will write a custom essay on Transformational acting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There where also various techniques in A Beautiful Life that we choose not to utilize. The symbol of the rose being one of them. This was mainly due to the fact that we could not adequately explore and develop this idea of freedom through the use of roses given the amount of time that we have.  A Beautiful Life follows the Brechtian, theatre of cruelty and contemporary theatre performance conventions in order to challenge assumptions rethink beliefs or reaffirm certainties. The Brechtian idea of retelling a story or events to assist the audiences understanding is used in our performance. The ideas of justice, abuse of power and prejudice are important issues the combined story of the protest and the refugee explore to communicate to an Australian audience as means of provoking social change as Brecht conventions indented it to be. An example of this is the way our performance positions the audience to see the Iranians in a sympthetic way. We show cruel, harsh and unfair imprisonment and its conditions forcing the audience to become discussed with what theyve seen and call for social change. Theatre of cruelty is the attack on the scenses and aims at challenging audiences pre conceived ideas and innocent conceptions to create new awareness so as the audience can actively take this movement and change the cause and reasons for this such extortionary theatre, using a minimalist stage, lighting and minimalist costumes. Contemporary Australian Drama is the means in which a story is developed in new ways to assist audiences interpret the ideas and images presented in the theatre. In A Beautiful Life and our play some of the unique techniques used to convey the issues of modern theatre are used, these being: transformational acting, narrator, and non-English language, to convey modern Australian issues of multiculturalism. Our play uses the techniques, conventions, background and the ideas presented in A Beautiful Life to create a small scale version of the combined histories of the refugee musician and the Iranian Embassy protest. We have conveyed the ideas of modern Australian issues regarding multiculturalism, prejudice, injustice and brutality to through an array dramatic forms and techniques. We have accurately conveyed a reflection on the ways in which our Performance reflects the performance style, dramatic techniques and conventions, conveys ideas and develops a response from the audience, and reflects the historical and social background A Beautiful Life presents.

Free Essays on Gulf Oil

Gulf Oil Case Summary Oct 1, 2003 This article dealt with the Gulf Oil takeover. Standard Oil Co. of California's (Socal) opportunity came virtually overnight. The Gulf Corporation, the nation's fifth largest petroleum company, had been under siege from an investor group seeking to Gain control of the company and sell it piecemeal for a quick profit. After warding off a takeover bid, Gulf's Board of Directors chose to offer the company up for sale. George Keller of Standard Oil Company is deciding whether of not to take it over and how much to bid on the stock. Since there are other competitors also interested in the company, Keller has to make a decision on how much to pay fast. Right now they had a very low ratio which would allow them to bid as high as 79 or 80 since they could easily borrow vast amounts of cash from creditors. This gave them an advantage over ARCO. After acquisition they would be able to handle this high debt to capital ratio in the short run, but would have to be reduced it within the next few years. Its interesting how a few months prior the stock was valued at $40 per share. This is probably because if Keller or the other bidders purchased this company, they would double their reserves of high-quality light oil. Gulf Oil spent a lot of funds on exploration and development. Although a time consuming process, this was extremely valuable for the company by increasing their reserves. Keller is contemplating using these finds which total $2 billion in order to lower their debt to capital ratio. I feel this is a bad idea. Although they would have double the reserves, they would possible jeopardize their future and allow other companies to more find oil. If they continue with the exploration and development this would lift the company to a leading position. I feel it would be better to sell off assets in order to lower the debt. Since this merger would double it’s size, they could affor... Free Essays on Gulf Oil Free Essays on Gulf Oil Gulf Oil Case Summary Oct 1, 2003 This article dealt with the Gulf Oil takeover. Standard Oil Co. of California's (Socal) opportunity came virtually overnight. The Gulf Corporation, the nation's fifth largest petroleum company, had been under siege from an investor group seeking to Gain control of the company and sell it piecemeal for a quick profit. After warding off a takeover bid, Gulf's Board of Directors chose to offer the company up for sale. George Keller of Standard Oil Company is deciding whether of not to take it over and how much to bid on the stock. Since there are other competitors also interested in the company, Keller has to make a decision on how much to pay fast. Right now they had a very low ratio which would allow them to bid as high as 79 or 80 since they could easily borrow vast amounts of cash from creditors. This gave them an advantage over ARCO. After acquisition they would be able to handle this high debt to capital ratio in the short run, but would have to be reduced it within the next few years. Its interesting how a few months prior the stock was valued at $40 per share. This is probably because if Keller or the other bidders purchased this company, they would double their reserves of high-quality light oil. Gulf Oil spent a lot of funds on exploration and development. Although a time consuming process, this was extremely valuable for the company by increasing their reserves. Keller is contemplating using these finds which total $2 billion in order to lower their debt to capital ratio. I feel this is a bad idea. Although they would have double the reserves, they would possible jeopardize their future and allow other companies to more find oil. If they continue with the exploration and development this would lift the company to a leading position. I feel it would be better to sell off assets in order to lower the debt. Since this merger would double it’s size, they could affor...

Are modern humans biologically related to Neanderthals Essay

Are modern humans biologically related to Neanderthals - Essay Example The result of the studies shows that the modern humans originated from Africa about 150,000 years ago and were dispersed to other parts of the world where they replaced Neanderthals rather than interbreeding with them. This is clearly evidenced by the discovery of skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans in different parts of the world. Anatomically modern humans were discovered in Africa while distinctively modern humans were discovered in Europe and Asia. The anatomically modern humans existed 150,000 years ago while the distinctive modern populations existed 40,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence also shows that Aurignacian technologies were spread across central, southeastern and Western Europe through the dispersion modern human from Africa. The Aurignacian technologies of modern human emerged directly from the Neanderthal technologies; indicating that the Neanderthals of Asia and Europe associated with new populations from Africa. Another group of the modern human was dispersed along the coastal Mediterranean of Europe. Neanderthal genes disappeared in Europe because there was a direct competition between the Neanderthals and the modern humans in terms space and resources. The modern humans won because they had more complex technology and organization.According to Mellars (2004), there must have been great contact and interaction between modern populations expanding into Europe and the indigenous Neanderthals across Europe. These interactions were mainly behavioral.

Decision Making Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision Making - Term Paper Example Although different concepts on the theoretical framework for decision making have emerged, the standard decision-making model used in organizations focus on the rational model involving â€Å"a cognitive process where each step follows in a logical order from the one before†¦ (and) it is based on thinking through and weighing up the alternatives to come up with the best potential result† (decision-making-confidence.com 1). On the other hand, authors Ticha, Hron and Fiedler wrote an article entitled â€Å"Managerial decision making – importance of intuition in the rational process† published in the Agricultural Economics Journal which aimed to determine the role of intuition in the decision making process (Ticha, Hron and Fiedler). In this regard, the purpose of the paper is to choose a real life problem that have either been noted or where one has been a part of and analyze it using one of the theories or ideas discussed in the text or in class. The discours e would analyze the decision making process by linking it to theories and concepts discussed to derive a deeper understanding of both the problem and potential solutions through increased knowledge of administrative behavior in organizations. Organizational Problem One has learned from a friend previously employed in a health care organization of a decision making process that involved both the rational model and intuition. By intuition, Ticha, et al. ... involves the manifested difficulties of nurses managers to comply with their responsibilities that involve not only patient care but complying with documentation and reportorial obligations. According to nurse managers, the need to do some administrative and clerical tasks divide their focus on patient care, causing lower productivity and performance. Other symptoms of confounding problems are exemplified through back-logs in complying with monthly reports on status of medical equipment and supplies under their jurisdiction, performance evaluations of nurses, and scheduling vacation leaves and trainings for nurses. Alternative Courses of Action and Analysis of Options Using the rational model of decision making, since the problem has already been identified, the alternative courses of action were enumerated by department managers for presentation to the Vice President of Nursing and to be forwarded to the President and CEO for approval. The different options presented were as follows : (1) Status quo or do nothing, by forcing the nurse managers to comply with both adminstrative obligations and patient care. The advantage of this option is that there would not be any displacement or changes that could possible be met by resistance and difficulties in implementation. The disadvantage of this alternative is contined backlog in reports that could be significantly detrimental in the long run since the accuracy in information for performance of personnel, inventories of equipment and supplies and scheduling of vacation leaves are lacking, there are strong possibilities for insufficient supplies, demotivated staff and delayed promotions. In addition, patient care, which is of utmost importance would likely suffer as well. (2) Review the responsibilities of the nurse managers

Prison system of the 18th and the early 19th century Essay Example for Free

Prison system of the 18th and the early 19th century Essay In the early 1800s, state prisoner were leased to Florida companies where they were often worked as slave labor. Mart Taber was a young prisoner convicted of stealing a ride on a freight train. He died as a result of the brutal treatment administered by a lumber company boss to whom he was leased. The prison system of the 1800s and the early 1900s was based on cruel and inhumane treatment. Punishment was very tragic. The prisoners were treated as animal and consider less of inhuman because of their lawlessness. They were made to right the wrongs that they have committed either trough physical pain, endure mutilation, torture, mulcted in fines, deprive of liberty, adjudges as slave or even put to death. The American prison as we know began in New York in the early 19th century. Reformation was the goal of the founders of the system. During the colonial period and in the early years of the nation, long-term imprisonment was not a common form of punishment in prison. Instead, execution was the prescribed penalty for a wide range of offenses. People who committed less serious offenses faced public punishment such as pillorying, whipping and maiming. At the beginning of the 19th century, imprisonment had replaced public punishment and execution as a form of punishment for most crimes, except murder and treason. The early places of imprisonment ranged from wood frame houses to copper mine, such as the Connecticut prison in 1790. Then, in the early 19th century two concepts of imprisonment were introduced in New York and Pennsylvania, including what the structures should look like and how they should be operated, Few people had any idea what the structures should look like or how they should be administered. (The Evolution of the New YorkPrison System, Part I. Page1) These institutions were not only meant to be houses of convicted criminals, they also had the objective of reforming inmates into temperate, industrious, hard-working citizens and return them to their societies as new men. Sentences were long enough to allow the prison system its program of reformation. In Pennsylvania, the prison system of reformation was to separate the inmate and provide him with a small room and a exercise area totally isolated from  the human companionship Only in the purity of complete isolation could be the corruption be overcome and the restoration of faith and honesty be attained (The Evolution of the New YorkPrison System, Part I. Page2) After an appropriate period of total isolation and inactivity, the prisoner was allowed to small bits of handicraft work and a Bible in his cell. The inmate was not allowed to see another prisoner. The founders of the prison system believed that isolation was the only way for a prisoner is rehabilitated. Prison system of the 18th and early 19th century left a reasonable quantity of dead prisoners and also physical abuse to the inmate. The crime that any prisoner has committed doesnt justify the cruel and inhumane treatment they receive in jail. If the founders of the prison system from that time of period wouldnt have been so cruel, they would had avoid so many death and people being maltreated. Instead of merciless punishment they should had given them social work as their sentence and should had taken advantage from the prisoners keeping in mind that they are human beings.

Essay --

Interest Groups â€Å"Interest groups organization of people sharing common objectives who energetically attempt to influence government policymakers through direct and indirect methods†. J. M. Molins and A. Casademunt, "Pressure Groups and the Articulation of Interests", in West European Politics, No. 4, 1998 This structure is designed so that interest groups would be a device of public influence on politics to generate changes, but would not intimidate the government much. Whether this is still the case or not is a significant question that we should find out. Interest groups play numerous different roles in the American political system, such as depiction, participation, education, and program monitoring. Representation is the purpose that we see most frequently and the function we routinely think of when we think of interest groups. Involvement is another role that interest groups play in our government, which is while they facilitate and support the contribution of their members in the political process. Interest groups also educate, by trying to enlighten both public officials and the public at large concerning matters of significance to them. Interest groups also keep way of how programs are functioning in the field and endeavor to influence government to take action when troubles become obvious when they monitor programs. The conventional interest groups have been organized around several form of economic origin, be it corporate interests, associates, or unions. The number of business-oriented lobbies has developed since the 1960s and continues to grow. Public-interest groups have as well grown extremely since the 1960s. Liberal groups started the trend, but traditional groups are now just as common, though some groups... ...e Role of Local Government and Citizens in the Democratic Process," National Civic Review, vol. 85, no. 3, Fall 1996. March, J.G. & J.P. Olsen (1998): `The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders,' 52:4 International Organization 943, Exploration and Contestation in the Study of World Politics, Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, pp. 303-329) March, J.G. & J.P. Olsen (2000): `Democracy and Schooling,' in L.M. McDonnell, P.M. Timpane & R. Benjamin (eds), Rediscovering the Democratic process of Education, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, pp. 148-173 Olsen, J.P. (1997): `Institutional Design in Democratic Contexts,' 5:3 The Journal Of Political Philosophy 203 Rokkan, S. (1999) (edited by P. Flora, with S. Kuhnle & D. Urwin): State Formation, Nation-Building and Mass Politics in Europe: The Theory of Stein Rokkan, Oxford: Oxford University Press

Persuasive Essay

â€Å"It's not Just a game. † to many athletes this statement rings true. Sports fuel the drive and determination within people, and provide them an essential learning tool from which they can grow. Competitive is defined as, â€Å"of or relating to a situation in which people or groups are trying to win a contest or be more successful than other : relating to or involving competition . â€Å"(Merriam-Webster. Com) This concept of competitiveness is the foundation of all sports.The competitive spirit and thirst to ant to better oneself in order to be at the top is a fueling force that will propel our children far beyond their years on the court. Providing children with equal playing time in youth sports discourages the necessary need for healthy competition and takes away valuable life lessons that will prepare them for the future. With over six years of experience coaching girls basketball at the grade school level, the debate over playing time Is one thing that I have enco untered a lot. For the most part people are strongly on one side or the other.Although there are other people Like me that agrees with this rule, in most grade school sports this rule has become a mandatory enforced aspect of the game – slowly and forcefully crushing the heart of the competitiveness that so many athletes Join sports for. There are many counterclaim to this debate ranging from psychological harm all the way to it creating the obesity epidemic we are currently facing in our country. One debate that I have heard numerous times is that children learn through playing an actual game verses only in practice. This is ridiculous!To start off, any good player treats practice as Hough it Is a game and puts forth Just as much effort. Coaches demand this Intensity level In practice, so they can adequately prepare their team for the actual games. Practice Is where you learn; games are where you put your skills to the test. If kids actually learned more from games, and the purpose of coaching girl's basketball at the beginning grade school level was in fact to Children should have to earn their playing time. When we enforce the equal playing time rule we are taking away the goal in which the athletes aspire to achieve.We demise the competitive nature of the port, and destroy the heart of the game. Not everybody can be winners, that is the harsh reality of life! Kids put in the effort in practice in order to win games, therefore the best players should be the ones on the court representing their team. Why even keep score if the important is not who wins? Sports are suppose to be a competition thus they are going to have winners and losers. This teaches the kids the importance of sportsmanship and give them something to work towards. Similar to grades In school, some students earn better grades than others and they are rewarded for It.Sports should not be any different and we should allow the better athletes to shine, excel and be praised for their valu ables rather than try and hold them back in order to even out the playing field for other players. No where in life are harder and catch up to the level in which their opponents are at! The physical benefits that some argue are important to implement at such a young age is another argument put forth by the opposing side that I have heard numerous times. They claim that the importance of allowing children to rest in the game is crucial to maintaining their physical health and preventing injuries.The obvious factor in which this statement fails to ring true is that at any level players should be in a good enough physical condition to not only run the full amount of the game but to also be able hustle and go one hundred percent the entire time. This is why practices are usually twice as long as games and any good coach expects their player to hustle throughout every drill. The obesity issue in which parents argue that by benching children it discourages them from playing the sport and thus results in a decrease of physical activity. If the child's main goal is to get physically fit than they should not be n a team sport.There are many individual sports in which a child can strictly work towards bettering themselves without hurting the rest of the team. If a parent is trying to put their child's physical well being on the responsibility of their child's coach that is absurd. A sports season is strictly Just that a season and no coach should have to worry about the child's physical fitness level during a game. If the coach allows the child practice with the team than by far he has fulfilled his duty. Lastly, the main argument that so many parents think they are Justified in preaching s the physiological harm that is instilled in a child that rides the bench.Lack of self confidence and the feeling of unworthiness are claimed to have a more damaging affect on children than the fairy tale reality that equal playing time blinds them with. Why lie to our children? As pa rents and coaches we are suppose to prepare kids to excel at the next levels in life. The ability to get back on their feet after being knocked down and make the most out of any situation by far out shines this cushioning effect that parents insist that coaches to provide. This does nothing but Ella the inevitable and handicap our children from learning the correct coping techniques to excel in not only sports but also in life.One of the best basketball players of all time, Michael Jordan, has been quoted saying, â€Å"If you're trying to achieve, there will be roadblocks. I've had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don't have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. † It is not Just a game, it is a way of life. When the debate over equal playing is brought up the most important thing to remember is to keep the bigger picture in mind.Yes sports at the grade school level do have t he task of introducing the fundamentals of the game to individuals but they also carry the ability to teach so much more! Let the sport be the teacher and don't manipulate the self guided lessons that players will encounter and benefit immensely from. To instill a sense of entitlement rather than a hard working mentality is exactly what giving the children equal playing is doing. Playing time at any level should be something that an athlete has to earn and the competitive spirit within a game should be praised and fueled not manipulated. Persuasive Essay â€Å"It's not Just a game. † to many athletes this statement rings true. Sports fuel the drive and determination within people, and provide them an essential learning tool from which they can grow. Competitive is defined as, â€Å"of or relating to a situation in which people or groups are trying to win a contest or be more successful than other : relating to or involving competition . â€Å"(Merriam-Webster. Com) This concept of competitiveness is the foundation of all sports.The competitive spirit and thirst to ant to better oneself in order to be at the top is a fueling force that will propel our children far beyond their years on the court. Providing children with equal playing time in youth sports discourages the necessary need for healthy competition and takes away valuable life lessons that will prepare them for the future. With over six years of experience coaching girls basketball at the grade school level, the debate over playing time Is one thing that I have enco untered a lot. For the most part people are strongly on one side or the other.Although there are other people Like me that agrees with this rule, in most grade school sports this rule has become a mandatory enforced aspect of the game – slowly and forcefully crushing the heart of the competitiveness that so many athletes Join sports for. There are many counterclaim to this debate ranging from psychological harm all the way to it creating the obesity epidemic we are currently facing in our country. One debate that I have heard numerous times is that children learn through playing an actual game verses only in practice. This is ridiculous!To start off, any good player treats practice as Hough it Is a game and puts forth Just as much effort. Coaches demand this Intensity level In practice, so they can adequately prepare their team for the actual games. Practice Is where you learn; games are where you put your skills to the test. If kids actually learned more from games, and the purpose of coaching girl's basketball at the beginning grade school level was in fact to Children should have to earn their playing time. When we enforce the equal playing time rule we are taking away the goal in which the athletes aspire to achieve.We demise the competitive nature of the port, and destroy the heart of the game. Not everybody can be winners, that is the harsh reality of life! Kids put in the effort in practice in order to win games, therefore the best players should be the ones on the court representing their team. Why even keep score if the important is not who wins? Sports are suppose to be a competition thus they are going to have winners and losers. This teaches the kids the importance of sportsmanship and give them something to work towards. Similar to grades In school, some students earn better grades than others and they are rewarded for It.Sports should not be any different and we should allow the better athletes to shine, excel and be praised for their valu ables rather than try and hold them back in order to even out the playing field for other players. No where in life are harder and catch up to the level in which their opponents are at! The physical benefits that some argue are important to implement at such a young age is another argument put forth by the opposing side that I have heard numerous times. They claim that the importance of allowing children to rest in the game is crucial to maintaining their physical health and preventing injuries.The obvious factor in which this statement fails to ring true is that at any level players should be in a good enough physical condition to not only run the full amount of the game but to also be able hustle and go one hundred percent the entire time. This is why practices are usually twice as long as games and any good coach expects their player to hustle throughout every drill. The obesity issue in which parents argue that by benching children it discourages them from playing the sport and thus results in a decrease of physical activity. If the child's main goal is to get physically fit than they should not be n a team sport.There are many individual sports in which a child can strictly work towards bettering themselves without hurting the rest of the team. If a parent is trying to put their child's physical well being on the responsibility of their child's coach that is absurd. A sports season is strictly Just that a season and no coach should have to worry about the child's physical fitness level during a game. If the coach allows the child practice with the team than by far he has fulfilled his duty. Lastly, the main argument that so many parents think they are Justified in preaching s the physiological harm that is instilled in a child that rides the bench.Lack of self confidence and the feeling of unworthiness are claimed to have a more damaging affect on children than the fairy tale reality that equal playing time blinds them with. Why lie to our children? As pa rents and coaches we are suppose to prepare kids to excel at the next levels in life. The ability to get back on their feet after being knocked down and make the most out of any situation by far out shines this cushioning effect that parents insist that coaches to provide. This does nothing but Ella the inevitable and handicap our children from learning the correct coping techniques to excel in not only sports but also in life.One of the best basketball players of all time, Michael Jordan, has been quoted saying, â€Å"If you're trying to achieve, there will be roadblocks. I've had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don't have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. † It is not Just a game, it is a way of life. When the debate over equal playing is brought up the most important thing to remember is to keep the bigger picture in mind.Yes sports at the grade school level do have t he task of introducing the fundamentals of the game to individuals but they also carry the ability to teach so much more! Let the sport be the teacher and don't manipulate the self guided lessons that players will encounter and benefit immensely from. To instill a sense of entitlement rather than a hard working mentality is exactly what giving the children equal playing is doing. Playing time at any level should be something that an athlete has to earn and the competitive spirit within a game should be praised and fueled not manipulated. Persuasive Essay Keep Cigarette Sale and Production legal: Save the Economy Cigarette smoking dates back to the 9th century; when cigarettes were first invented in Central America, and has become a popular habit since then. Smoking is prevalent all over the world, and it has been estimated that the number of smokers will continue to rise despite the various campaigns taken against it. It is a widely accepted fact that smoking causes many health problems and thousands of people die each year, but should smoking be made illegal?Although smoking is hazardous to health and the environment, but making it illegal is a serious implementation which if not enforced successfully, will lead to huge losses for a particular economy. Should smoking be made illegal, the sale and production of cigarettes will drastically go down as will the number of smokers dying from lung cancer and other smoking related diseases, but prohibiting it by law is too extreme. All over the world, especially in poorer underdeveloped cou ntries a huge number of people are employed by cigarette making companies. If the production of cigarettes is banned, a lot of people will lose jobs.The probability of all of these people getting employed again is low; as most of them are not educated enough to meet the minimum requirement for other jobs and are the sole sources of income for their families. The main reason governments all over the world have not banned cigarette production is the huge amounts of revenue and taxes generated from its sale. These taxes are used to build many important institutions like public schools and hospitals. While it is true there are many more sources of income for the government, in present age we cannot deny the part tobacco companies play in increasing our GDP (Gross Domestic Product). In the year 2000 tax revenue from cigarettes totaled Pak Rs. 19. 8 billion, representing approximately 25% of all excise revenue generated in the country for that year†. (â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan, 1†). Apart from tobacco farmers and nicotine suppliers, cigarette production provides income for advertising firms, whitening products and mouth fresheners companies. One of the biggest side effects of making cigarette production illegal is the rise of the black markets. Black markets are underground trading places where goods banned by the government are bought and sold.They may also involve trading across borders. It is very likely they start operating in economies where selling cigarettes is banned. Ireland, East Bourne, and Paraguay have some of the highest illicit cigarette trading. The government in UK took strong measures to cut down cigarette production resulting in cigarettes being illegally sold across borders. â€Å"The UK Government has lost at least ? 16. 7 billion tax revenue from the black market sale of cigarettes and hand rolling tobacco over a 5 year period, according to its own statistics†(â€Å"? 16. 7 billion loss in smoki ng tax revenues† ).Though the cigarette companies play an important role in maintaining the economy, the harmful effects of smoking cannot be overlooked. In the recent years, smoking has been known to be the cause of oral cancer, lung cancer, and heart diseases and many more problems, most of which have proved to be fatal. Nicotine used in cigarettes causes brain damage and even abnormalities in child birth. Smokers have bad breath, yellow teeth; burned fingers and are looked upon with disgust. The estimated number of deaths each year by cigarette smoking is 445,000 in the United States.By 2030, this number is expected to rise even more, especially in developing countries where smoking is constantly on the rise. In trying to tackle this problem, governments in almost 30 countries across the world including Pakistan, have made it mandatory to issue warning messages on the cigarette packets by law orders. Even the advertising companies are required to show health concern message s at the end of the advertisement. This means that people buying cigarettes are fully aware of the health risks involved but they still continue to do so.Smoking in a voluntary habit, it is a choice. The solution to this problem lies in educating people about how valuable a human life is and not banning smoking. Cigarettes are an environmental hazard. Cigarette fires are a major threat of smoking, caused mainly by the carelessness of the smoker. While it is true it is a serious problem, it can be prevented by taking a few simple measures. Fire-safe cigarettes are a lot less likely to catch on fire when left unattended and by taking this simple precaution many of these fires can be avoided.Furthermore cigarettes are not biodegradable. It can take a lot of years for them to decompose. This problem can be tackled by improving the recycling and disposable systems of the country. These problems are not so difficult to deal with if just some simple safety measures are taken while making t hem completely illegal will have much more disastrous effects. While the harmful effects of smoking are widely known, research has shown some of the positive effects of smoking as well. Smokers admit that smoking causes soothing, relaxes the mind and helps deal with depression.Scientific studies show that smoking improves concentration and helps to focus. Smokers have proven to have better responsiveness and sharper memory than non-smokers. â€Å"After 40 years  of scientific research on the effects of nicotine, researchers now say that they have sound scientific proof that smoking and nicotine have a significant positive effect on human brain performance†(â€Å"Science is conclusive: tobacco increases work capacity†). Nicotine also is said to enhance new blood vessel development and decrease chances of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore, nicotine boosts up creativity and innovation. Many famous celebrities, artists, musicians have committed to smoking in the pea k time of their careers. Tobacco which is a major component of cigarettes is also widely used in many other addictive substances, like water pipe tobacco and snuff. The main purpose of making the production of cigarettes illegal is to stop the rising number of deaths occurring each year because of smoking, but if many other alternatives which provide the same level of addiction are available the purpose of the ban is likely to fail.Keeping in mind the pros and cons of making the sale and production of cigarettes illegal, banning smoking will cause more serious and long lasting problems than it will solve. The income generated by this sector of the economy will fall down immensely. Black markets operating in the country will start selling them as smoking is an addiction and is not a habit which can easily be quit. Smoking is often associated with suicide, while it is true smokers die earlier than non-smokers; the final decision depends on the smoker’s discretion.As far as the health and environment issues of smoking are concerned, they are upon the smokers own will and can be stopped if people start caring about their lives and their loved ones. An issue as serious as this one needs to be inspected properly if any decision has to be taken. If the ban on cigarette production is not implemented properly, it will lead to a huge fall in the employment level. If smokers dying every day is such an important concern, what about those people who will lose their jobs permanently? How will they feed their families?In poorer countries no other jobs are available for them and hundreds of families may lose their source of income. The taxes generated by the government will be cut off and much of the development in countries will die down. The true cure lies in making people more aware through advertisements and warning labels which is already been done by many countries all over the world. Because in the end the choice mainly lies in the hand of the smoker, what he or she thinks is more important: his or her own life or the pleasures of smoking. Words: 1310. Works Cited â€Å"? 16. 7 Billion Loss in Smoking Tax Revenues. Freedom 2 Choose. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Khan, Javaid. â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan. †Ã‚  Editorial. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Science Is Conclusive: Tobacco Increases Work Capacity. † International Liberty News Network. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Should Smoking Be Banned? † Debate. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Smoking Thrills but Kills. † Pakistan Today. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Persuasive Essay â€Å"It's not Just a game. † to many athletes this statement rings true. Sports fuel the drive and determination within people, and provide them an essential learning tool from which they can grow. Competitive is defined as, â€Å"of or relating to a situation in which people or groups are trying to win a contest or be more successful than other : relating to or involving competition . â€Å"(Merriam-Webster. Com) This concept of competitiveness is the foundation of all sports.The competitive spirit and thirst to ant to better oneself in order to be at the top is a fueling force that will propel our children far beyond their years on the court. Providing children with equal playing time in youth sports discourages the necessary need for healthy competition and takes away valuable life lessons that will prepare them for the future. With over six years of experience coaching girls basketball at the grade school level, the debate over playing time Is one thing that I have enco untered a lot. For the most part people are strongly on one side or the other.Although there are other people Like me that agrees with this rule, in most grade school sports this rule has become a mandatory enforced aspect of the game – slowly and forcefully crushing the heart of the competitiveness that so many athletes Join sports for. There are many counterclaim to this debate ranging from psychological harm all the way to it creating the obesity epidemic we are currently facing in our country. One debate that I have heard numerous times is that children learn through playing an actual game verses only in practice. This is ridiculous!To start off, any good player treats practice as Hough it Is a game and puts forth Just as much effort. Coaches demand this Intensity level In practice, so they can adequately prepare their team for the actual games. Practice Is where you learn; games are where you put your skills to the test. If kids actually learned more from games, and the purpose of coaching girl's basketball at the beginning grade school level was in fact to Children should have to earn their playing time. When we enforce the equal playing time rule we are taking away the goal in which the athletes aspire to achieve.We demise the competitive nature of the port, and destroy the heart of the game. Not everybody can be winners, that is the harsh reality of life! Kids put in the effort in practice in order to win games, therefore the best players should be the ones on the court representing their team. Why even keep score if the important is not who wins? Sports are suppose to be a competition thus they are going to have winners and losers. This teaches the kids the importance of sportsmanship and give them something to work towards. Similar to grades In school, some students earn better grades than others and they are rewarded for It.Sports should not be any different and we should allow the better athletes to shine, excel and be praised for their valu ables rather than try and hold them back in order to even out the playing field for other players. No where in life are harder and catch up to the level in which their opponents are at! The physical benefits that some argue are important to implement at such a young age is another argument put forth by the opposing side that I have heard numerous times. They claim that the importance of allowing children to rest in the game is crucial to maintaining their physical health and preventing injuries.The obvious factor in which this statement fails to ring true is that at any level players should be in a good enough physical condition to not only run the full amount of the game but to also be able hustle and go one hundred percent the entire time. This is why practices are usually twice as long as games and any good coach expects their player to hustle throughout every drill. The obesity issue in which parents argue that by benching children it discourages them from playing the sport and thus results in a decrease of physical activity. If the child's main goal is to get physically fit than they should not be n a team sport.There are many individual sports in which a child can strictly work towards bettering themselves without hurting the rest of the team. If a parent is trying to put their child's physical well being on the responsibility of their child's coach that is absurd. A sports season is strictly Just that a season and no coach should have to worry about the child's physical fitness level during a game. If the coach allows the child practice with the team than by far he has fulfilled his duty. Lastly, the main argument that so many parents think they are Justified in preaching s the physiological harm that is instilled in a child that rides the bench.Lack of self confidence and the feeling of unworthiness are claimed to have a more damaging affect on children than the fairy tale reality that equal playing time blinds them with. Why lie to our children? As pa rents and coaches we are suppose to prepare kids to excel at the next levels in life. The ability to get back on their feet after being knocked down and make the most out of any situation by far out shines this cushioning effect that parents insist that coaches to provide. This does nothing but Ella the inevitable and handicap our children from learning the correct coping techniques to excel in not only sports but also in life.One of the best basketball players of all time, Michael Jordan, has been quoted saying, â€Å"If you're trying to achieve, there will be roadblocks. I've had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don't have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. † It is not Just a game, it is a way of life. When the debate over equal playing is brought up the most important thing to remember is to keep the bigger picture in mind.Yes sports at the grade school level do have t he task of introducing the fundamentals of the game to individuals but they also carry the ability to teach so much more! Let the sport be the teacher and don't manipulate the self guided lessons that players will encounter and benefit immensely from. To instill a sense of entitlement rather than a hard working mentality is exactly what giving the children equal playing is doing. Playing time at any level should be something that an athlete has to earn and the competitive spirit within a game should be praised and fueled not manipulated. Persuasive Essay Keep Cigarette Sale and Production legal: Save the Economy Cigarette smoking dates back to the 9th century; when cigarettes were first invented in Central America, and has become a popular habit since then. Smoking is prevalent all over the world, and it has been estimated that the number of smokers will continue to rise despite the various campaigns taken against it. It is a widely accepted fact that smoking causes many health problems and thousands of people die each year, but should smoking be made illegal?Although smoking is hazardous to health and the environment, but making it illegal is a serious implementation which if not enforced successfully, will lead to huge losses for a particular economy. Should smoking be made illegal, the sale and production of cigarettes will drastically go down as will the number of smokers dying from lung cancer and other smoking related diseases, but prohibiting it by law is too extreme. All over the world, especially in poorer underdeveloped cou ntries a huge number of people are employed by cigarette making companies. If the production of cigarettes is banned, a lot of people will lose jobs.The probability of all of these people getting employed again is low; as most of them are not educated enough to meet the minimum requirement for other jobs and are the sole sources of income for their families. The main reason governments all over the world have not banned cigarette production is the huge amounts of revenue and taxes generated from its sale. These taxes are used to build many important institutions like public schools and hospitals. While it is true there are many more sources of income for the government, in present age we cannot deny the part tobacco companies play in increasing our GDP (Gross Domestic Product). In the year 2000 tax revenue from cigarettes totaled Pak Rs. 19. 8 billion, representing approximately 25% of all excise revenue generated in the country for that year†. (â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan, 1†). Apart from tobacco farmers and nicotine suppliers, cigarette production provides income for advertising firms, whitening products and mouth fresheners companies. One of the biggest side effects of making cigarette production illegal is the rise of the black markets. Black markets are underground trading places where goods banned by the government are bought and sold.They may also involve trading across borders. It is very likely they start operating in economies where selling cigarettes is banned. Ireland, East Bourne, and Paraguay have some of the highest illicit cigarette trading. The government in UK took strong measures to cut down cigarette production resulting in cigarettes being illegally sold across borders. â€Å"The UK Government has lost at least ? 16. 7 billion tax revenue from the black market sale of cigarettes and hand rolling tobacco over a 5 year period, according to its own statistics†(â€Å"? 16. 7 billion loss in smoki ng tax revenues† ).Though the cigarette companies play an important role in maintaining the economy, the harmful effects of smoking cannot be overlooked. In the recent years, smoking has been known to be the cause of oral cancer, lung cancer, and heart diseases and many more problems, most of which have proved to be fatal. Nicotine used in cigarettes causes brain damage and even abnormalities in child birth. Smokers have bad breath, yellow teeth; burned fingers and are looked upon with disgust. The estimated number of deaths each year by cigarette smoking is 445,000 in the United States.By 2030, this number is expected to rise even more, especially in developing countries where smoking is constantly on the rise. In trying to tackle this problem, governments in almost 30 countries across the world including Pakistan, have made it mandatory to issue warning messages on the cigarette packets by law orders. Even the advertising companies are required to show health concern message s at the end of the advertisement. This means that people buying cigarettes are fully aware of the health risks involved but they still continue to do so.Smoking in a voluntary habit, it is a choice. The solution to this problem lies in educating people about how valuable a human life is and not banning smoking. Cigarettes are an environmental hazard. Cigarette fires are a major threat of smoking, caused mainly by the carelessness of the smoker. While it is true it is a serious problem, it can be prevented by taking a few simple measures. Fire-safe cigarettes are a lot less likely to catch on fire when left unattended and by taking this simple precaution many of these fires can be avoided.Furthermore cigarettes are not biodegradable. It can take a lot of years for them to decompose. This problem can be tackled by improving the recycling and disposable systems of the country. These problems are not so difficult to deal with if just some simple safety measures are taken while making t hem completely illegal will have much more disastrous effects. While the harmful effects of smoking are widely known, research has shown some of the positive effects of smoking as well. Smokers admit that smoking causes soothing, relaxes the mind and helps deal with depression.Scientific studies show that smoking improves concentration and helps to focus. Smokers have proven to have better responsiveness and sharper memory than non-smokers. â€Å"After 40 years  of scientific research on the effects of nicotine, researchers now say that they have sound scientific proof that smoking and nicotine have a significant positive effect on human brain performance†(â€Å"Science is conclusive: tobacco increases work capacity†). Nicotine also is said to enhance new blood vessel development and decrease chances of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore, nicotine boosts up creativity and innovation. Many famous celebrities, artists, musicians have committed to smoking in the pea k time of their careers. Tobacco which is a major component of cigarettes is also widely used in many other addictive substances, like water pipe tobacco and snuff. The main purpose of making the production of cigarettes illegal is to stop the rising number of deaths occurring each year because of smoking, but if many other alternatives which provide the same level of addiction are available the purpose of the ban is likely to fail.Keeping in mind the pros and cons of making the sale and production of cigarettes illegal, banning smoking will cause more serious and long lasting problems than it will solve. The income generated by this sector of the economy will fall down immensely. Black markets operating in the country will start selling them as smoking is an addiction and is not a habit which can easily be quit. Smoking is often associated with suicide, while it is true smokers die earlier than non-smokers; the final decision depends on the smoker’s discretion.As far as the health and environment issues of smoking are concerned, they are upon the smokers own will and can be stopped if people start caring about their lives and their loved ones. An issue as serious as this one needs to be inspected properly if any decision has to be taken. If the ban on cigarette production is not implemented properly, it will lead to a huge fall in the employment level. If smokers dying every day is such an important concern, what about those people who will lose their jobs permanently? How will they feed their families?In poorer countries no other jobs are available for them and hundreds of families may lose their source of income. The taxes generated by the government will be cut off and much of the development in countries will die down. The true cure lies in making people more aware through advertisements and warning labels which is already been done by many countries all over the world. Because in the end the choice mainly lies in the hand of the smoker, what he or she thinks is more important: his or her own life or the pleasures of smoking. Words: 1310. Works Cited â€Å"? 16. 7 Billion Loss in Smoking Tax Revenues. Freedom 2 Choose. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Khan, Javaid. â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan. †Ã‚  Editorial. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Science Is Conclusive: Tobacco Increases Work Capacity. † International Liberty News Network. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Should Smoking Be Banned? † Debate. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Smoking Thrills but Kills. † Pakistan Today. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Persuasive Essay Keep Cigarette Sale and Production legal: Save the Economy Cigarette smoking dates back to the 9th century; when cigarettes were first invented in Central America, and has become a popular habit since then. Smoking is prevalent all over the world, and it has been estimated that the number of smokers will continue to rise despite the various campaigns taken against it. It is a widely accepted fact that smoking causes many health problems and thousands of people die each year, but should smoking be made illegal?Although smoking is hazardous to health and the environment, but making it illegal is a serious implementation which if not enforced successfully, will lead to huge losses for a particular economy. Should smoking be made illegal, the sale and production of cigarettes will drastically go down as will the number of smokers dying from lung cancer and other smoking related diseases, but prohibiting it by law is too extreme. All over the world, especially in poorer underdeveloped cou ntries a huge number of people are employed by cigarette making companies. If the production of cigarettes is banned, a lot of people will lose jobs.The probability of all of these people getting employed again is low; as most of them are not educated enough to meet the minimum requirement for other jobs and are the sole sources of income for their families. The main reason governments all over the world have not banned cigarette production is the huge amounts of revenue and taxes generated from its sale. These taxes are used to build many important institutions like public schools and hospitals. While it is true there are many more sources of income for the government, in present age we cannot deny the part tobacco companies play in increasing our GDP (Gross Domestic Product). In the year 2000 tax revenue from cigarettes totaled Pak Rs. 19. 8 billion, representing approximately 25% of all excise revenue generated in the country for that year†. (â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan, 1†). Apart from tobacco farmers and nicotine suppliers, cigarette production provides income for advertising firms, whitening products and mouth fresheners companies. One of the biggest side effects of making cigarette production illegal is the rise of the black markets. Black markets are underground trading places where goods banned by the government are bought and sold.They may also involve trading across borders. It is very likely they start operating in economies where selling cigarettes is banned. Ireland, East Bourne, and Paraguay have some of the highest illicit cigarette trading. The government in UK took strong measures to cut down cigarette production resulting in cigarettes being illegally sold across borders. â€Å"The UK Government has lost at least ? 16. 7 billion tax revenue from the black market sale of cigarettes and hand rolling tobacco over a 5 year period, according to its own statistics†(â€Å"? 16. 7 billion loss in smoki ng tax revenues† ).Though the cigarette companies play an important role in maintaining the economy, the harmful effects of smoking cannot be overlooked. In the recent years, smoking has been known to be the cause of oral cancer, lung cancer, and heart diseases and many more problems, most of which have proved to be fatal. Nicotine used in cigarettes causes brain damage and even abnormalities in child birth. Smokers have bad breath, yellow teeth; burned fingers and are looked upon with disgust. The estimated number of deaths each year by cigarette smoking is 445,000 in the United States.By 2030, this number is expected to rise even more, especially in developing countries where smoking is constantly on the rise. In trying to tackle this problem, governments in almost 30 countries across the world including Pakistan, have made it mandatory to issue warning messages on the cigarette packets by law orders. Even the advertising companies are required to show health concern message s at the end of the advertisement. This means that people buying cigarettes are fully aware of the health risks involved but they still continue to do so.Smoking in a voluntary habit, it is a choice. The solution to this problem lies in educating people about how valuable a human life is and not banning smoking. Cigarettes are an environmental hazard. Cigarette fires are a major threat of smoking, caused mainly by the carelessness of the smoker. While it is true it is a serious problem, it can be prevented by taking a few simple measures. Fire-safe cigarettes are a lot less likely to catch on fire when left unattended and by taking this simple precaution many of these fires can be avoided.Furthermore cigarettes are not biodegradable. It can take a lot of years for them to decompose. This problem can be tackled by improving the recycling and disposable systems of the country. These problems are not so difficult to deal with if just some simple safety measures are taken while making t hem completely illegal will have much more disastrous effects. While the harmful effects of smoking are widely known, research has shown some of the positive effects of smoking as well. Smokers admit that smoking causes soothing, relaxes the mind and helps deal with depression.Scientific studies show that smoking improves concentration and helps to focus. Smokers have proven to have better responsiveness and sharper memory than non-smokers. â€Å"After 40 years  of scientific research on the effects of nicotine, researchers now say that they have sound scientific proof that smoking and nicotine have a significant positive effect on human brain performance†(â€Å"Science is conclusive: tobacco increases work capacity†). Nicotine also is said to enhance new blood vessel development and decrease chances of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore, nicotine boosts up creativity and innovation. Many famous celebrities, artists, musicians have committed to smoking in the pea k time of their careers. Tobacco which is a major component of cigarettes is also widely used in many other addictive substances, like water pipe tobacco and snuff. The main purpose of making the production of cigarettes illegal is to stop the rising number of deaths occurring each year because of smoking, but if many other alternatives which provide the same level of addiction are available the purpose of the ban is likely to fail.Keeping in mind the pros and cons of making the sale and production of cigarettes illegal, banning smoking will cause more serious and long lasting problems than it will solve. The income generated by this sector of the economy will fall down immensely. Black markets operating in the country will start selling them as smoking is an addiction and is not a habit which can easily be quit. Smoking is often associated with suicide, while it is true smokers die earlier than non-smokers; the final decision depends on the smoker’s discretion.As far as the health and environment issues of smoking are concerned, they are upon the smokers own will and can be stopped if people start caring about their lives and their loved ones. An issue as serious as this one needs to be inspected properly if any decision has to be taken. If the ban on cigarette production is not implemented properly, it will lead to a huge fall in the employment level. If smokers dying every day is such an important concern, what about those people who will lose their jobs permanently? How will they feed their families?In poorer countries no other jobs are available for them and hundreds of families may lose their source of income. The taxes generated by the government will be cut off and much of the development in countries will die down. The true cure lies in making people more aware through advertisements and warning labels which is already been done by many countries all over the world. Because in the end the choice mainly lies in the hand of the smoker, what he or she thinks is more important: his or her own life or the pleasures of smoking. Words: 1310. Works Cited â€Å"? 16. 7 Billion Loss in Smoking Tax Revenues. Freedom 2 Choose. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Khan, Javaid. â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan. †Ã‚  Editorial. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Science Is Conclusive: Tobacco Increases Work Capacity. † International Liberty News Network. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Should Smoking Be Banned? † Debate. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Smoking Thrills but Kills. † Pakistan Today. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. .